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　　He　has　dissolved　Representative　Houses　repeatedly；　for　opposing　with　
manly　firmness　his　invasions　on　the　rights　of　the　people。　

　　He　has　refused　for　a　long　time；　after　such　dissolutions；　to　cause　others　
to　be　elected；　whereby　the　Legislative　powers；　incapable　of　Annihilation；　
have　returned　to　the　People　at　large　for　their　exercise；　the　State　
remaining　in　the　mean　time　exposed　to　all　the　dangers　of　invasion　from　
without；　and　convulsions　within。　

　　He　has　endeavoured　to　prevent　the　population　of　these　States；　for　that　
purpose　obstructing　the　Laws　of　Naturalization　of　Foreigners；　refusing　to　
pass　others　to　encourage　their　migrations　hither；　and　raising　the　
conditions　of　new　Appropriations　of　Lands　。　

　　He　has　obstructed　the　Administration　of　Justice；　by　refusing　his　Assent　
to　Laws　for　establishing　Judiciary　powers。　

　　He　has　made　Judges　dependent　on　his　Will　alone；　for　the　tenure　of　their　
offices；　and　the　amount　and　payment　of　their　salaries。　

　　He　has　erected　a　multitude　of　New　Offices；　and　sent　hither　swarms　of　
Officers　to　harass　our　People；　and　eat　out　their　substance。　

　　He　has　kept　among　us；　in　times　of　peace；　Standing　Armies　without　the　
Consent　of　our　legislatures。　

　　He　has　affected　to　render　the　Military　independent　of　and　superior　to　
the　Civil　power。　

　　He　has　bined　with　others　to　subject　us　to　a　jurisdiction　foreign　to　
our　constitution；　and　unacknowledged　by　our　laws；　giving　his　Assent　to　
their　Acts　of　pretended　Legislation：　

　　For　quartering　large　bodies　of　armed　troops　among　us：　

　　For　protecting　them；　by　a　mock　Trial；　from　Punishment　for　any　Murders　
which　they　should　mit　on　the　Inhabitants　of　these　States：　

　　For　cutting　off　our　Trade　with　all　parts　of　the　world：　

　　For　imposing　Taxes　on　us　without　our　Consent：　

　　For　depriving　us　in　many　cases；　of　the　benefits　of　Trial　by　Jury：　

　　For　transporting　us　beyond　Seas　to　be　tried　for　pretended　offences：　

　　For　abolishing　the　free　System　of　English　Laws　in　a　neighbouring　
Province；　establishing　therein　an　Arbitrary　government；　and　enlarging　its　
Boundaries　so　as　to　render　it　at　once　an　example　and　fit　instrument　for　
introducing　the　same　absolute　rule　into　t　hese　Colonies：　

　　For　taking　away　our　Charters；　abolishing　our　most　valuable　Laws；　and　
altering　fundamentally　the　Forms　of　our　Governments：　

　　For　suspending　our　own　Legislatures；　and　declaring　themselves　invested　
with　power　to　legislate　for　us　in　all　cases　whatsoever。　

　　He　has　abdicated　Government　here；　by　declaring　us　out　of　his　Protection　
and　waging　War　against　us。　

　　He　has　plundered　our　seas；　ravaged　our　Coasts；　burnt　our　towns；　and　
destroyed　the　Lives　of　our　people。　

　　He　is　at　this　time　transporting　large　armies　of　foreign　mercenaries　to　
pleat　the　works　of　death；　desolation　and　tyranny；　already　begun　with　
circumstances　of　Cruelty　&　perfidy　scarcely　paralleled　in　the　most　
barbarous　ages；　and　totally　unworthy　the　H　ead　of　a　civilized　nation。　

　　He　has　constrained　our　fellow　Citizens　taken　Captive　on　the　high　Seas　to　
bear　Arms　against　their　Country；　to　bee　the　executioners　of　their　
friends　and　Brethren；　or　to　fall　themselves　by　their　Hands。　

　　He　has　excited　domestic　insurrections　amongst　us；　and　has　endeavoured　to　
bring　on　the　inhabitants　of　our　frontiers；　the　merciless　Indian　Savages；　
whose　known　rule　of　warfare；　is　an　undistinguished　destruction　of　all　
ages；　sexes　and　conditions。　

　　In　every　stage　of　these　Oppressions　We　have　Petitioned　for　Redress　in　
the　most　humble　terms：　Our　repeated　Petitions　have　been　answered　only　by　
repeated　injury。　A　Prince；　whose　character　is　thus　marked　by　every　act　
which　may　define　a　Tyrant；　is　unfit　to　be　the　ruler　of　a　free　people。　

　　Nor　have　We　been　wanting　in　attention　to　our　British　brethren。　We　have　
warned　them　from　time　to　time　of　attempts　by　their　legislature　to　extend　
an　unwarrantable　jurisdiction　over　us。　We　have　reminded　them　of　the　
circumstances　of　our　emigration　and　sett　lement　here。　We　have　appealed　to　
their　native　justice　and　magnanimity；　and　we　have　conjured　them　by　the　
ties　of　our　mon　kindred　to　disavow　these　usurpations；　which　would　
inevitably　interrupt　our　connections　and　correspondence。　They　too　have　
been　deaf　t　o　the　voice　of　justice　and　of　consanguinity。　We　must；　
therefore；　acquiesce　in　the　necessity；　which　denounces　our　Separation；　and　
hold　them；　as　we　hold　the　rest　of　mankind；　Enemies　in　War；　in　Peace　
Friends。　

　　We；　therefore；　the　Representatives　of　the　united　States　of　America；　in　
General　Congress；　Assembled；　appealing　to　the　Supreme　Judge　of　the　world　
for　the　rectitude　of　our　intentions；　do；　in　the　Name；　and　by　Authority　of　
the　good　People　of　these　Colonies；　solemnly　publish　and　declare；　That　
these　United　Colonies　are；　and　of　Right　ought　to　be　Free　and　Independent　
States；　that　they　are　Absolved　from　all　Allegiance　to　the　British　Crown；　
and　that　all　political　connection　between　them　and　the　State　of　Great　Bri　
tain；　is　and　ought　to　be　totally　dissolved；　and　that　as　Free　and　
Independent　States；　they　have　full　Power　to　levy　War；　conclude　Peace；　
contract　Alliances；　establish　merce；　and　to　do　all　other　Acts　and　
Things　which　Independent　States　may　of　right　do。　An　d　for　the　support　of　
this　Declaration；　with　a　firm　reliance　on　the　Protection　of　Divine　
Providence；　we　mutually　pledge　to　each　other　our　Lives；　our　Fortunes　and　
our　sacred　Honor。　

JOHN　HANCOCK；　President　

Attested；　CHARLES　THOMSON；　Secretary　

New　Hampshire：　JOSIAH　BARTLETT；　WILLIAM　WHIPPLE；　MATTHEW　THORNTON　

Massachusetts…Bay：　SAMUEL　ADAMS；　JOHN　ADAMS；　ROBERT　TREAT　PAINE；　ELBRIDGE　
GERRY　

Rhode　Island：　STEPHEN　HOPKINS；　WILLIAM　ELLERY　

Connecticut：　ROGER　SHERMAN；　SAMUEL　HUNTINGTON；　WILLIAM　WILLIAMS；　OLIVER　
WOLCOTT　

Georgia：　BUTTON　GWINNETT；　LYMAN　HALL；　GEO。　WALTON　

Maryland：　SAMUEL　CHASE；　WILLIAM　PACA；　THOMAS　STONE；　CHARLES　CARROLL　OF　
CARROLLTON　

Virginia：　GEORGE　WYTHE；　RICHARD　HENRY　LEE；　THOMAS　JEFFERSON；　BENJAMIN　
HARRISON；　THOMAS　NELSON；　JR。；　FRANCIS　LIGHTFOOT　LEE；　CARTER　BRAXTON。　

New　York：　WILLIAM　FLOYD；　PHILIP　LIVINGSTON；　FRANCIS　LEWIS；　LEWIS　MORRIS　

Pennsylvania：　ROBERT　MORRIS；　BENJAMIN　RUSH；　BENJAMIN　FRANKLIN；　JOHN　
MORTON；　GEORGE　CLYMER；　JAMES　SMITH；　GEORGE　TAYLOR；　JAMES　WILSON；　GEORGE　
ROSS　

Delaware：　CAESAR　RODNEY；　GEORGE　READ；　THOMAS　M'KEAN　

North　Carolina：　WILLIAM　HOOPER；　JOSEPH　HEWES；　JOHN　PENN　

South　Carolina：　EDWARD　RUTLEDGE；　THOMAS　HEYWARD；　JR。；　THOMAS　LYNCH；　JR。；　
ARTHUR　MIDDLETON　

New　Jersey：　RICHARD　STOCKTON；　JOHN　WITHERSPOON；　FRANCIS　HOPKINS；　JOHN　
HART；　ABRAHAM　CLARK　

　

Prepared　by　Gerald　Murphy　（The　Cleveland　Free…Net　…　aa300）　

Distributed　by　the　Cybercasting　Services　Division　of　the　National　Public　
Teleputing　Network　（NPTN）。