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专门替中国人写的英文基本文法-第13部分

小说: 专门替中国人写的英文基本文法 字数: 每页4000字

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Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society。
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved。
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing some loved ones。
He does have the patience to listen to long talks。
It is a virtue not to steal。
  还有一些不可数的名词,是所谓的物质名词,像
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
  如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西,前面是不要加冠词的,例如
Drinking water is important。
Don't play with fire。
We need air to breath。
There is metal in this device。
I don't drink tea。
I like coffee。
Father brings bread and butter home every day。
  一旦物质名词指特定的东西,前面就要加冠词,例如:
The water in this city is polluted。
There was a fire near our home last night。
The air in this town is getting worse and worse。
Copper is a metal。
The tea from India is very popular in England。
  专有名词,一般说来都不要加冠词的:
Mary is from Canada。
John got married last month。
Taiwan is an island。
England is in Europe。
France is a nice country to visit。
Russia is a large country。
Park Street is the main street in this city。
Go to Taipei first。
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful lake。
January is often very cold here。
Sunday is a day for resting。
Spring is the best season。
Mt。 Everest is in Europe。
President Kennedy died when he was young。
King George was considered a mad king。
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently。
  可惜的是,英文中专有名词仍有要加the的,我们将试着将这些例外写成规则,但这种规则一定挂一漏万,读者如要知道何种情况要加冠词,何种情况不加冠词,惟一的办法是多读英文的文章,慢慢地就会了解什么情形该用冠词,什么情形不用冠词。
  哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢?
  (1) 河流,海洋,沙漠,海峡,海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。
the Hudson River (赫德森河)
the Rhine River (莱茵河)
the Yellow River (黄河)
the River Thames (泰唔士河)
the Amazon River (亚马孙河)
the Pacific Ocean (太平洋)
the Red Sea (红海)
the Mediterranean Sea (地中海)
the Baltic Sea (波罗的海)
the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋)
the Sahara Desert (撒哈拉大沙漠)
the Gobi Desert (戈壁大沙漠)
the Taiwan Straits (台湾海峡)
the English Channel (英吉利海峡)
the Manila Bay (马尼拉海湾)
the Bay of Tokyo (东京湾)
the Persian Gulf (波斯湾)
  (2) 国家的名词中如有of时,要加the
the United States of America
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of China
  (3) 非常言式的名称,也要加the
the World Bank (世界银行)
the United Nations (联合国)
the Red Cross (红十字会)
the Catholic Church (天主教会)
  (4) 帝国,朝代,时代等等专有名词的前面,要加the
the British Empire (大英帝国)
the Ottoman Empire (奥图门帝国)
the United Kingdom (联合王国)
the Byzantine Era (拜占庭时代)
the Chin Dynasty (秦朝)
the Victoria Era (维多利亚时代)
the Hanover Dynasty (汉诺威王朝)
The Renaissance Era (文艺复兴时代)
the Dark Ages (黑暗时代)
  (5) 如果提到〝全体〞,就要加the
the Wangs (王家)
the Kennedys (肯尼迪家族)
  请注意,Wang和Kennedy都是姓,如果要指全家人,必须在姓氏的后面加s,前面加the。
the Chinese (中国人)
the Americans (美国人)
the Africans (非洲人)
  我们说过,一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的,但是有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词,以下是一些规则:
学科一概不加冠词
I do not like mathematics。
He hates geometry。
She teaches us history。
三餐一概不加冠词
Did you have lunch。
Missing breakfast is bad for your health。
We have had dinner already。
  千万记住,如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候,就仍要加冠词,以下是一些例子:
I had a happy Christmas lunch with my family。
The dinner you treated me last night was really good。
Did you have a big breakfast?
假如我们说〝上学〞,〝去教堂〞等等,都不要加冠词,例如
I went to church yesterday。
He goes to church every Sunday。
She is going to college this summer。
Did you go to school last week?
  但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂,学校等等,仍要加冠词,例如:
I went to the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday。
The church which I went to when I was young is still there。
I did not go to the college which my father went to。
语言不要加冠词
English is easy to learn。
There are also grammatical rules in Chinese。
Can you speech Japanese?
  但是,我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法,例如:
The English language is easy to learn。
There are grammatical rules in the Chinese language。
运动一概前面不加冠词
Do you play tennis?
I can not play basketball。
I really love soccer。
动名词前面不加冠词,例如
Swimming is good for you。
I like playing tennis。
Do you enjoy playing piano?


第十三章 形容词的比较级
  如果我们要翻译〝他比较老〞,我们不能说
* He is more old。
而一定要说
He is older。
为什么呢?这是因为英文里面的形容词有所谓的比较级规则。在下一节,我们讲一些最基本的规则。
13§1 最基本的规则
  首先,我们要说明英文形容词有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级,最基本的规则是根据音节的多少来分的。一般来说,单音节的形容词在字后面加er,就变成了比较级,加est就变成了最高级,而双音节,或双音节以上的形容词,比较级是在字前面加more,最高级则是在字前面加most,举例来说,old; smart; strong; weak; high; low等等都是单音节的形容词,他们的变化如下:
原级
比较级
最高级
old
older
oldest
smart
smarter
smartest
strong
stronger
strongest
weak
weaker
weakest
high
higher
highest
low
lower
lowest
  以上的形容词,都是单音节的,以下的例子都有关双音节的形容词:
原级
比较级
最高级
difficult
more difficult
most difficult
delicious
more delicious
most delicious
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
correct
more correct
most correct
stupid
more stupid
most stupid
significant
more significant
most significant
有一个规则必须注意,我们不能将more和er混在一齐用,以下的例子都是错的:
He is more older than I。
He is more taller than his brother。
正确的句子是:
He is older than I。
He is taller than his brother。
【练习六十二】
写出以下形容词的比较级:
small
slow
intelligent
expensive
tall
short
important
cheap
famous
cold
fast
careful
colorful
long
dark
bright
13§2 特殊的比较级规则
  在上一节,我们说明了最基本的规则,那就是单音节形容词加er或est,双音节的形容词前面加more或most。但以下就是这些基本规则的例外。
单音节形容词的字是e,就直接加r或st:
原级
比较级
最高级
large
larger
largest
late
later
latest
nice
nicer
nicest
wise
wiser
wisest

形容词的字尾是y,而前一个子母是一个子音,则除掉y,加上ier,或iest:
原级
比较级
最高级
lucky
luckier
luckiest
happ
happier
happiest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
dry
drier
driest
easy
easier
easiest

单音节形容词的字尾是子音,前一音是一个元音,则字尾必须重复一次,再加er或est:
原级
比较级
最高级
fat
fatter
fattest
hot
hotter
hottest
wet
wetter
wettest
big
bigger
biggest

完全不规则的变化:
英文中,有几个特殊的字,他们的比较级完全没有规则,以下是一些例子,读者必须记住:
原级
比较级
最高级
good
well
better
best
bad
worse
worst
many
much
more
most
【练习六十三】
写下以下形容词的比较级:
cute
wide
early
happy
heavy
thin
easy
hot
wise
large
good
bad
many
13§3 比较形的用法
  大多数比较级句子里会有than,以下是一些例子:
I am older than he。
His English is better than mine。
San Francisco is more beautiful than New York。
His car is cheaper than your car。
He is the most diligent student in his class。
I like apples more than oranges。
He has more money than his brother。
He is stronger than his brother。
  必须注意的是以下的句子是错的:
I am older than him。
She is smarter than me。
  为什么错了呢?因为原来句子应该是:
I am older than he (is)。
She is more smart than I (am)。
  习惯上的is和am都省略掉的,由以上的解释可以看出,than后面的句词应该是主词,而非受词。
  以下的错误,也请特别注意:
My head is larger than your。
正确的句子是:
My head is larger than your head。 
或者       My head is larger than yours。
请看以下几个错误的句子:
My house is larger than your。
The temperature of this city is higher than San Francisco。
The height of Himalayas is greater than Mt。 Fuji。
My bicycle is older than his。
正确的句子应该是:
My house is larger than your house。
或者        My house is larger than yours。
The temperature of this city is higher than the temperature of San Francisco。
或者        The Temperature of this city is higher than that of San Francisco。
The heigh

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