九味书屋 > 文学经管电子书 > 30+mba >

第63部分

30+mba-第63部分

小说: 30+mba 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!



foreign investment that exceeded capital outflows largely on the basis 
of oil and gas exploration activity。 
Balance of payments 
The balance of payments is the difference between all payments ing 
into a country and those going out。 A surplus of payments ing in over 
those going out is said to be favourable and the opposite is unfavourable。 
The balance of payments is divided into two accounts: the current account; 
such as payments for imports; exports; services and transfers of money; 
and capital account payments for physical and financial assets。 
The balance of trade; which is itself a major part of the overall balance 
of payments; is the difference between the value of goods and services exported 
out of a country and those imported into the country。 When imports 
exceed exports a country’s GDP is reduced by that amount (see GDP 
earlier in this chapter)。 Imports and exports are themselves influenced by a 
country’s petitive position; which can be eroded by too high an inflation 
rate; for example; or by having too strong a currency; which encourages 
overseas purchases of goods and services; including holidays。
Entrepreneurship 
。 Entrepreneur vs intrapreneur 
。 Social entrepreneurs 
。 Creative destruction; the spur 
。 Why we need entrepreneurs 
。 Money for business plans 
Entrepreneurship is the newest discipline in the business school armoury 
and in many schools the subject is still not taught。 In some it is a topic 
within economics; which is considered appropriate as J B Say; a French 
economist in circa 1800; first coined the term entrepreneur; using it to 
describe ‘Someone who shi。。s resources out of an area of lower and into an 
area of higher productivity and greater yield’。 The most mon practice is 
to reduce the subject to a basic ‘start your own business’ project culminating 
in a business plan presentation; with a handful of MBAs going the whole 
hog and launching a venture。 
There is rather more to the subject than just starting a business; though 
that in itself is a worthy oute。 Governments are fixated with entrepreneurship; 
secondary schools are teaching it; 1 in 15 people in work 
runs a business and over half the world work for and report directly to an 
entrepreneur。 
WHY ENTREPRENEURSHIP MATTERS 
You might be surprised at the number of people and organizations that 
appear keen to give entrepreneurs a helping hand。 Dragons’ Den panellists; 
bankers and government ministers all seem eager to lend a helping hand。 
None of these would…be helpers is particularly altruistic。 The primary 
reasons why entrepreneurs are essential are as follows。 
8
214 The Thirty…Day MBA 
Job creation 
Governments needs a constant injection of new businesses as they create 
most of the new jobs in any economy; a fact uncovered by David Birch; a 
researcher at MIT (Massachuse。。s Institute of Technology) back in 1979 (The 
Job Generation Process; MIT); and corroborated by dozens of other studies 
since then。 Also; of course; you will pay tax on your profits and bee 
an unpaid tax collector for VAT or Sales Tax on behalf of government 
agencies。 
Creative destruction and the innovative spur 
Creative destruction is a term a。。ributed to Joseph Schumpeter。 Born in 
1883; he became the youngest professor in the Austrian empire at 26 and 
finance minister at 36; only to be dismissed a。。er presiding over a period 
of hyperinflation。 A brief spell as president of a small Viennese bank was 
followed; a。。er its failure; by a return to academia; first in Bonn and then 
in 1932 at Harvard。 He is remembered for two books in particular: Theory 
of Economic Development (1911); where he first outlined his thoughts on 
entrepreneurship; and Capitalism; Socialism; and Democracy (1942); where he 
detailed how the entrepreneurial process worked and why it ma。。ered。 His 
view was that the fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist 
engine in motion es from ‘the new consumers; goods; the new methods 
of production or transportation; the new markets; the new forms of 
industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates’。 He pointed out 
that entrepreneurs innovate and develop new products; services or ways 
of doing business; and in the process destroy those organizations that can’t 
adapt or have been effectively made redundant。 Schumpeter believed that 
capitalism has to create short…term losers alongside its short… and longterm 
winners in order for the economy to grow and prosper: ‘Without 
innovations; no entrepreneurs; without entrepreneurial achievement; no 
capitalist。 。 。 propulsion。 The atmosphere of industrial revolutions。 。 。 is the 
only one in which capitalism can survive。’ He went rather further than 
this by arguing that the more countries tried to mitigate the possibilities 
of business failing; the worse their economic performance would be。 
Picking up the pieces through social insurance is fine; propping up failing 
businesses or declining business sectors is not。 
WHO MAKE GOOD ENTREPRENEURS? 
There are absolutely no reliable characteristics that predispose people to 
bee entrepreneurs。 Despite diligent research; Durham University’s 
General Enterprise Tendency (GET) Test; with 12 questions measuring 
Entrepreneurship 215 
need for achievement; 12 to assess internal locus of control; 12 to determine 
creativity; 12 to gauge calculated risk taking and 6 to measure need for 
autonomy; has failed to gain recognition。 Peter Drucker; the international 
business guru; probably got it right with this description: ‘Some are 
eccentrics; others painfully correct conformists; some are fat and some are 
lean; some are worriers; some relaxed; some drink quite heavily; others 
are total abstainers; some are men of great charm and warmth; some have 
no more personality than a frozen mackerel。’ Entrepreneurs do have one 
distinguishing characteristic in mon; however。 They put independence 
and doing their own thing above everything; including ge。。ing rich。 That 
doesn’t mean they don’t want to succeed; it’s just that success is not all about 
money。 Research carried out by Simfonec; a science research centre based 
at Cass Business School (cass。city。ac。uk); found that 20 per cent of 
entrepreneurs in their sample (250 entrepreneurs and 250 managers) were 
dyslexic; whereas managers reflected the UK national dyslexia incidence 
level of 4 per cent。 While it is perhaps forting to know that dyslexia; 
or even not pleting schooling or university because of it; is no bar to 
entrepreneurship; it is not something you can do much about。 
What can be said with certainty is that there are an awful lot of entrepreneurs 
everywhere and from every walk of life。 Also; it seems likely that 
entrepreneurs are as likely to be made as born。 There are over 4。4 million 
people running their own business in the UK alone。 That is double the 
number of just two decades or so ago。 GEM (gemconsortium); 
through their Global Entrepreneurship Monitor research programme 
headed up by Babson College in the United States; collects statistics from 
41 countries on business starters and; equally importantly; would…be 
starters。 They rank the UK as being fairly average in terms of numbers。 
GEM’s research indicates that in Europe there are around 30 million 
owner…managed businesses and five times that figure across the developed 
world。 
Research from various organizations; including Lloyds Bank; NatWest 
and the Institute for Small Business Enterprise; sheds further light on the 
small business population and demographics。 No section of the public 
appears to be excluded from the small business world。 One in seven 
businesses are started by people over 50; just over a third of business 
proprietors are women; 1 in 10 le。。 school early and barely a quarter have 
a degree; immigrants are as likely to work for themselves as others; and 
interestingly enough; those who start their business in their teens or early 
20s are no more likely to fail than those in the 40s and 50s with a career in 
big business under their belt。 You can search out these and other related 
data on the Small Enterprise Research Team website (

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的