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Qualitative interviews differ from surveys; for example in that they adhere 
less to a fixed set of questions but continually probe and cross…check information; 
building cumulatively on the knowledge gained from earlier 
answers。 Nevertheless; interviewers at some point have to ask the questions 
that give them the specific data they need。 Good interpersonal skills; sensitivity 
to the respondent; conducting the interviews at an appropriate time 
and place; using trained interviewers as well as having an appropriate 
sample are all vital to successful interviewing。 
Focus groups 
Focus groups are a form of multiple interview; with small groups of around 
8 to 10 people selected with specific key a。。ributes in mind: specific knowledge; 
experience or socioeconomic characteristics; for example。 Participants 
are invited to a。。end informal discussion sessions of no more than two 
hours’ duration on a particular topic; facilitated by someone knowledgeable 
about the issues involved; but tactful and firm enough to keep the group 
in order and on task。 O。。en an incentive is offered for people to a。。end。 
The advantages of using a focus group over interviews include efficiency; 
as you can get 10 opinions in around twice the time it takes to conduct an 
interview; and by listening to other people’s ments; o。。en more ideas; 
opinions and experiences and insights can be gained。 It is also easier to take 
notes of the discussion as this is expected and less threatening in a group 
situation。 But; as with interviews; it relies on the views of a small sample 
and so is not truly representative of any body of opinion。 
Three variations on focus groups are:
258 The Thirty…Day MBA 
。 Neighbourhood forum: These are structured; regular local meetings 
for local people to consult about issues of local importance。 The term 
local can mean any characteristic that binds people together – young 
mothers; pensioners; train users。 
。 Citizens’ juries: These involve a small sample of the public spending 
perhaps a day or two; at most; debating an issue in a quasi…judicial setting。 
They hear experts present the various sides to an argument; much 
as in court they would take evidence from witnesses。 This approach is 
used by local government and police forces; but is also used by major 
local employers to gain insights into local munity issues that they 
might impinge on。 
。 Brainstorming sessions: These are group meetings designed to stimulate 
creative thinking to solve a particular problem or address a single 
issue。 There are three steps to brainstorming。 Initially the group should 
try to generate as many ideas as possible; without criticism; weling 
unusual and even apparently impractical or impossible propositions。 
Next; the propositions should be reviewed briefly to either eliminate 
the ones universally agreed to be unworkable or to bine ideas to 
form be。。er solutions。 Finally; the handful of feasible solutions are discussed 
and ranked。 All that is needed by way of materials are a flip 
chart; marker pens and Blu…tack to fix the ideas that have been generated 
visibly onto walls。 
Case studies 
A case study is a prehensive and systematic study of a specific organization; 
event or subject。 They can be wri。。en; on film or puter and are 
usually used where wide…ranging; plex questions have to be addressed 
and the findings used either as a focus for further discussion; for illustrative 
purposes or for training。 The case study needs an underlying question – how 
did the pany go about closing down a particular unit; for example。 It 
doesn’t answer the question; rather it provides the ‘reader’ with information 
from interviews; pany and public documents; observations and such 
sources; from which they can debate and form an opinion。 
TRIANGULATION 
This is the rather pretentious name given to the bination of qualitative 
and quantitative research methods; a sensible process that allows 
researchers to get the best of both worlds。 In fact the disciplines already 
overlap。 Quantitative research produces numbers – the number of people 
questioned; for example; or how many times a particular feeling or opinion 
Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Analysis 259 
was mentioned in an interview。 Qualitative methodology can be used to 
shed light on qualitative issues; such as how strongly people feel about 
a certain issue。 Triangulation strengthens qualitative and quantitative 
analyses by bining insights from both。 
Surveys 
The most mon research method that bines quantitative and qualitative 
processes is the survey。 This is a near…ubiquitous tool used in organizations 
to get a handle on almost every aspect from measuring employee 
morale or assessing customer satisfaction to ge。。ing the views of almost any 
stakeholder group on almost any issue。 MBAs will certainly have to know 
how to get surveys done and; if working in a small organization; they may 
well have to do it themselves。 
Around half of all surveys are conducted face to face; considered best for 
tackling consumer markets。 Next in popularity e telephone; e…mail and 
web surveys; which work well with panies and organizations。 Postal 
surveys; once very popular; now account for less than 10 per cent of survey 
work。 
Chapter 3 provides the guidelines for interviewing and questionnaire 
design。 
Survey sample size 
The size of the survey undertaken is also important。 You frequently hear 
of political opinion polls taken on samples of 1;500–2;000 voters。 This 
is because the accuracy of your survey clearly increases with the size of 
sample; as the following table shows: 
With random sample of 。 。 。 95% of surveys are right within 。 。 。 
percentage points 
250 6。2 
500 4。4 
750 3。6 
1;000 3。1 
2;000 2。2 
6;000 1。2 
So; if on a sample size of 600 your survey showed that 40 per cent of women 
in the town drove cars; the true proportion would probably lie between 36 
and 44 per cent。 For small businesses; we usually remend a minimum 
sample of 250 pleted replies。
260 The Thirty…Day MBA 
Andrews University in the United States has a free set of lecture notes 
explaining the subject of sample size prehensively (andrews。 
edu/~calkins/math/webtexts/prod12。htm)。 At (auditnet/docs/ 
statsamp。xls) you can find some great Excel spreadsheets that do the boring 
maths of calculating sample size and accuracy for you。 ResearchInfo 
(researchinfo/docs/websurveys/index。cfm) gives the basics of 
writing a program in order for you to use your own questionnaire on the 
internet。
Strategy 
。 Devising strategies 
。 Differentiation; cost leadership; focus 
。 First to market; first to fail 
。 Tools and techniques for shaping strategy 
。 Implementing business plans 
Joseph Lampel; Professor of Strategy at Cass Business School and author 
of Strategy Bites Back (Financial Times Prentice Hall; 2005); tells the story of 
when he received an urgent request from one of his MBA students: ‘Could 
I please provide a clear and easy…to…use definition of strategy?’ ‘My career’; 
wrote the student; ‘may depend on it’; and ‘besides I would like to start 
the course with a be。。er idea of what I am supposed to be looking out for。’ 
Lampel goes on to explain that he was less surprised by the request than 
by the fact that it came before the course had even begun。 He was used to 
being approached at the end of the course by students confessing that they 
still did not know exactly what strategy is。 
Strategy; though a core subject in every business school; is less an academic 
discipline than an ever…shi。。ing appraisal of how an organization 
should position itself to best meet the challenges it faces。 Rather like 
the quote a。。ributed to one Governor of the Bank of England who said 
that the true meaning of Christmas would not be apparent until Easter; 
when it es to estimating retail sales; successful strategies are really 
only recognizable a。。er the event。 The case below gives a flavour of the 
dimensions of how strategy is shaped: part marketing; part money; part 
people; part culture; and mostly an appreciation of an ever…shi。。ing and 
developing world。 
Strategy has thre

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