30+mba-第79部分
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66 markets they analysed。 Online book sales – Amazon (wrong); Books。
(right) – Copiers; Xerox (wrong); IBM (right) – PCs; IBM/Apple (both
wrong); Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) introduced its
PC the Altair; a 400 kit; in 1974; followed by Tandy Corporation (Radio
Shack) in 1977。
In fact the most pelling evidence from all the research was that nearly
half of all firms pursuing a first…to…market strategy were fated to fail; while
those following fairly close behind were three times as likely to succeed。
Tellis and Golder claim that the best strategy is to enter the market 19 years
a。。er pioneers; learn from their mistakes; benefit from their product and
market development and be more certain about customer preferences。
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
Aside from articulating the generic approach to business strategy; Porter’s
other major contribution to the field was what has bee known as the
Five Forces theory of industry structure (Figure 12。2)。 Porter postulated that
the five forces that drive petition in an industry have to be understood
as part of the process of choosing which of the three generic strategies to
pursue。 The forces he identified are:
。 Threat of substitution: Can customers buy something else instead of
your product? For example; Apple; and to a lesser extent Sony; have
laptop puters that are distinctive enough to make substitution
difficult。 Dell; on the other hand; faces intense petition from dozens
of other suppliers with near…identical products peting mostly on
price alone。
。 Threat of new entrants: If it is easy to enter your market; start…up
costs are low and there are no barriers to entry such as IP (intellectual
property) protection; then the threat is high。
。 Supplier power: The fewer the suppliers; usually the more powerful
they are。 Oil is a classic example; where less than a dozen countries
supply the whole market and consequently can set prices。
。 Buyer power: In the food market; for example; with just a few; powerful
supermarket buyers being supplied by thousands of much smaller
businesses; they are o。。en able to dictate terms。
。 Industry petition: The number and capability of petitors is one
determinant of a business’s power。 Few petitors with relatively
less a。。ractive products or services lower the intensity of rivalry in a
sector。 O。。en these sectors slip into oligopolistic (see also Chapter 7;
Economics) behaviour; preferring to collude rather than pete。
Strategy 269
You can see a video clip of Professor Porter discussing the Five Forces model
on the Harvard Business School website (h。。p://harvardbusinessonline。
hbsp。harvard。edu/hbrol/en/archive/archive。jhtml 》 Strategy and Execution
》 By Author P 》 The Five petitive Forces that Shape petition)。
SHAPING STRATEGY – TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
While Porter’s Five Forces approach to strategy formulation is; as far as
business schools are concerned at least; the standard starting point; there
are a number of other tools that an MBA needs to be familiar with。 Some
pre…date Porter; some overlap; while others home in on specific issues。 Like
many such tools; they overlap with those used in marketing and in this book
you will find SWOT (strengths; weaknesses; threats and opportunities) and
perceptual mapping covered in Chapter 3; Marketing。
These are the main tools and techniques an MBA will be expected to
know and understand。
Figure 12。2 Five Forces theory of industry analysis (a。。er Porter)
Threat of new entrants
。 Economies of scale
。 Capital intensity
。 Access to marketing channels
。 Brand loyalty
。 Government regulations
。 IP and other barriers to entry
Industry petition
。 Many petitors
。 Some powerful petitors
。 High exit barriers
。 Strong brands
Buyer power
。 Buyer concentration
。 Relative size; buyer much
bigger
。 Buyers’ ability for backward
or forward integration
。 Price sensitivity
Threat of substitutes
。 Cost of switching
。 Relative price
。 Relative performance
。 Relative quality
Supplier power
。 Concentration of suppliers
。 Not a key customer to suppliers
。 Threat of supplier backward or
forward integration
。 Relative size; suppliers much bigger
Intensity of rivalry
。 Industry growth rate
。 Rate of technological
change
。 Effect of five forces
270 The Thirty…Day MBA
Ansoff’s Growth Matrix
Igor Ansoff; while Professor of Industrial Administration in the Graduate
School at Carnegie Mellon University; published his landmark book; Corporate
Strategy (1965); where he explained a way of categorizing strategies
as an aid to understanding the nature of the risks involved。 He invited his
students to consider growth options as a square matrix divided into four
segments。 The axes are labelled with products and services running along
the ‘x’ axis; starting with ‘present’ and ‘new’; and markets up the ‘y’ axis
similarly labelled (Figure 12。3)。
Figure 12。3 Ansoff’s Growth Matrix
Existing products New products
Existing markets Market penetration Product development
New markets Market development Diversification
Horizontal
Vertical
Concentric
Conglomerate
Ansoff then went on to assign titles to each type of strategy; in an ascending
scale of risk (you can find out more about the matrix at
strategyvectormodel 》 Theories 》 Ansoff Matrix):
。 Market penetration; which involves selling more of your existing products
and services to existing customers – the lowest…risk strategy。
。 Product/service development; which involves creating extensions to
your existing products or new products to sell to your existing customer
base。 This is more risky than market penetration; but less risky than
entering a new market where you will face new petitors and may
not understand the customers as well as you do your current ones。
。 Market development involves entering new market segments or pletely
new markets either in your home country or abroad。
。 Diversification is selling new products into new markets; the riskiest
strategy as both are relative unknowns。 Avoid; unless all other strategies
have been exhausted。 Diversification can be further subdivided into
four categories of increasing risk profile:
– Horizontal diversification (entirely new product into current market)。
– Vertical diversification (move backwards into firms supplier’s or
forward into customer’s business)。
Strategy 271
– Concentric diversification (new product closely related to current
products either in terms of technology or marketing presence but
into a new market)。
– Conglomerate diversification (pletely new product into a new
market)。
Boston Matrix
Developed in 1969 by the Boston Consulting Group (see above); this tool
can be used in conjunction with the life…cycle concept (see Chapter 3;
Product/Service Life Cycle) to plan a portfolio of product/service offers。
The thinking behind the matrix is that a pany’s products and services
should be classified according to their cash generating or consumption
ability against two dimensions: the market growth rate and the pany’s
market share (Figure 12。4)。 Cash is used as the measure rather than profit;
as that is the real resource used to invest in new offers。 The objective then
is to use the positive cash flow generated from ‘cash cows’; usually mature
products that no longer need heavy marketing support budgets; to invest
in ‘stars’; that is; fast…growing; usually newer products; positioned in
markets in which the pany already has a high market share – usually
newer markets。 ‘Dogs’ should be disinvested and ‘question marks’ limited
in number and watched carefully to see if they are more likely to bee
stars or dogs。
Figure 12。4 The Boston Matrix
High Market Share Low
High
Low
Market Growth
STAR
Cash generated +++
Cash used … … …
0
QUESTION MARK
Cash generated +++
Cash used … … …
STAR
Cash generated +++
Cash used …
0
STAR
Cash generated +
Cash used …
0
272 The Thirty…Day MBA
The GE–McKinsey Directional Policy Matrix
General Electric was much taken by the visual aspect of the Boston Matrix
and