地海奇风-第28部分

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作家简介

阅读勒瑰恩：在多重疆界间起舞

　——缪思出版编辑部

本文标题，部分借用了娥苏拉·勒瑰恩（Ursula　K。Le　Guin，1929—　）自己所写的评论集书名《在世界边缘起舞》（Dancing　at　the　Edge　of　the　World），因为用来形容她自己的确非常贴切。不只是因为她身跨奇幻与科幻创作两界——确实有很多作家一手写奇幻，一手写科幻。当然，她在两界都成就斐然，地位崇高，这点诚属不易：她的奇幻代表作「地海传说」系列，包括《地海巫师》（1968）、《地海古墓》（1970）、《地海彼岸》（1972）与《地海孤雏》（1990）等，举世瞩目，名列经典，不仅创作至今三十多年来一直深受各年龄层读者喜爱，凡探讨奇幻文学或青少年文学的论文或评论，必提及「地海」的重大成就。她的科幻小说也是重量级，《黑暗的左手》（1969）与《一无所有》（1974）这两部长篇巨著均获星云奖与雨果奖双双肯定，奠定她在科幻文学与性别议题上的地位，整体而言所获奖项与荣耀更是不计其数。

但是，光举出她在这两种文类上的耀目成就，还不足以形容她的特别。很少有作家像她这样，除了一手写奇幻、一手写科幻外，还擅长写实小说，除此之外又生出好几只手写诗、写散文、写游记、写文学评论、写童书、写剧本，又兼翻译，可谓样样精通。

这是她跨越疆界的第一种层次：跨越创作类型的疆界。

勒瑰恩不仅跨越了创作类型的疆界，还打破了主流文学的藩篱。奇幻、科幻小说，甚至包括青少年儿童文学类型，有很长一段历史处于文学界的边缘位置，不受重视。勒瑰恩出身学术家庭，父亲是人类学家，母亲是心理学家及作家，均非常关注美国原住民文化。家中时常高朋满座，除了知名学者、研究生之外，还有许多印地安人，套句勒瑰恩母亲所说的话，他们家就是「一整个世界」。在这样富有学术气氛的环境成长，三位兄长都成为学者，她自己则攻读法国与意大利文学，取得文学硕士，并在大学任教。尽管如此，勒瑰恩却选择了大众文学为志业。她以令人赞叹的才华在奇幻、科幻与青少年文学界奠定名声；作品的文学性更吸引了主流文学界的注意。以她作品为分析对象的文学评论众多，甚至出版专书探讨。举凡「地海传说」的成长主题与道家思想、《黑暗的左手》的叙事方式与性别议题、《一无所有》的乌托邦与反乌托邦等等，皆对主流文学界产生重大影响。西方文学评论家哈洛·卜伦（Harold　Bloom）在专论勒瑰恩的评论集《Ursula　K。Le　Guin》（ChelseaHouse，1986）中于序言盛赞她为当代幻想文学第一人，创意丰富，风格上乘，胜过托尔金与多丽丝·莱辛（Doris　Lessing），并于《西方正典》附录中将她列为美国经典作家之一。

这是她跨越疆界的第二种层次：跨越主流文学与大众文学的疆界。

在性别议题上，勒瑰恩也没缺席。她可谓最早探讨性别意识的奇幻、科幻作家之一，诸如《黑暗的左手》与「地海传说」等作品中，均可看到她以女性身分对奇幻、科幻文类的反省。

于此，她再一次跨越疆界：性别的疆界。

勒瑰恩除了创作，更投入老子《道德经》的英译注解工作，耗时四十年之久，此版本推出之后获得相当高的评价。她并将老子思想融入创作，在一向以西方文明为骨干的奇幻、科幻小说中，发挥东方哲学的无为、相生与均衡概念。此外，「地海传说」中的岛屿世界（相对于欧美的大陆世界）与骨架纤细、黑发深肤的民族（相对于西方人种的外貌），以及隐喻西方文明的侵略与破坏性格，这种「去西方中心」的叙述观点与一般西洋奇幻文学形成强烈对比。

这是她跨越疆界的第四种层次：跨越文化疆界，脱离西方主义。

女性、青少年儿童、大众文学与东方思想，相对于男性、成人、主流文学与西方文化，都是位于边缘。勒瑰恩正是「在多重世界的边缘翩翩起舞」，织就了种种意象繁复、文字优美、意蕴深厚的故事。更重要的是，她不仅要传达深刻的理念，更重要的是，她还是说故事的高手，能同时兼顾阅读趣味、文学风格和哲思议题。她的作品被翻译为许多语言，日本当代名作家村上春树亦特别操刀翻译她的短篇童话「飞天猫」系列，并坦言：「勒瑰恩的文字非常优美丰富，是我最喜欢的女作家之一。」很庆幸她选择了奇幻、科幻类型来说故事，丰富了我们的视野；更庆幸有了她的努力，边缘文学的发声位置终于有了流动。

像这样一位作家，绝对值得我们认识，并细细咀嚼。

地海奇风（地海六部曲·Ⅵ）（完）

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